Turkey: Ongoing Crackdown Poses Existential Threat to Independent Civil Society
(Ankara, Brussels, Paris) 6 May 2021 – In the second of two reports on the crackdown against human rights defenders, civil society actors and independent voices in Turkey, the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (FIDH-OMCT) and one of FIDH’s member organisations in Turkey, the Human Rights Association (IHD), condemn repressive measures that inhibit freedom of association and create an increasingly narrow space for civil society in the country.
The report’s release today coincides with the second hearing in the infamous Özgür Gündem case re-trial, in which three prominent journalists and human rights defenders – including Şebnem Korur Fincancı, former chair of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (TIHV), a member organisation of FIDH – face terrorism-related charges punishable by up to 14 years in prison. This case epitomises the serious existential challenges undermining civil society in Turkey. Our organisations urge the government of Turkey to halt the crackdown on independent civil society and respect its fundamental role in a democratic society. They call on the international community to step up efforts to support civil society and human rights defenders in Turkey, both politically and financially.
Arbitrary state of emergency measures in place between 2016 and 2018 aggravated the climate of fear and oppression and continue to take a heavy toll on civil society, including through relentless judicial harassment against human rights defenders (HRDs) and other civil society actors. The report, “Turkey’s Civil Society on the Line: A Shrinking Space for Freedom of Association,” provides an overview of the legal and practical challenges they face at various levels. It reveals not only the state’s failure to ensure an enabling environment for civil society in Turkey, but also its intensified attempts to actively undermine its activities. This includes a hostile and stigmatising narrative portraying civil society organisations and HRDs as foreign agents representing a threat to national security and promoting the objectives of terrorist organisations. This hateful narrative extends to members of the LGBTI+ community, who have been targeted through state-led smear campaigns. The same narrative is also behind Turkey’s recent withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention, a Council of Europe treaty seeking to protect women from gender-based violence, on account of the supposed risk of “harming traditional family values” and “supporting LGBTI+ ideology.”
This stigmatising narrative seeks to legitimise the abuse of the criminal justice system to crack down on allegedly “criminal” individuals and organisations. Indeed, HRDs and other civil society actors often face baseless and bogus criminal investigations and prosecutions for their legitimate activities in defence of human rights, as well as arbitrary detention and bans on travel and holding public office. Most recently, the stigmatisation of IHD by the Minister of Interior, and subsequent judicial harassment and criminalisation of Eren Keskin and Öztürk Türkdoğan, IHD Co-Chairs, raise serious concerns about the authorities’ deliberate, politically motivated targeting of civil society actors and HRDs. The recent court decision convicting Ms Keskin for membership in an illegal organisation – echoing those narratives by mentioning “the need for more domestic and national human rights” – raises further concerns, notably regarding the politicisation of the judiciary.
Excessively burdensome administrative and fiscal requirements comprise another barrier inhibiting the work of civil society actors. The report documents how complex bureaucratic requirements are strictly applied by the authorities and are reportedly used as a pretext to crack down on civil society actors, especially by means of frequent and intense politically-motivated audits. Furthermore, recent legislative amendments, including Law no. 7262, heighten governmental oversight on civil society through increased audits and other measures, enabling authorities to suspend staff members and executives of civil society organisations who are being prosecuted on certain charges and even to suspend the activities of the organisation.
Lack of diversified funding opportunities, due to a restrictive legal framework and a hostile narrative against organisations receiving foreign funding creates additional challenges for independent civil society actors in carrying out their activities and ensuring their organisations’ survival. Furthermore, public resources are increasingly channelled to newly emerged pro-government NGOs. Indeed, independent civil society is increasingly supplanted by pro-government actors in the policy space; the latter are promoted as an alternative civil society that endorses the government’s actions. Deprived of any meaningful opportunity to engage in dialogue with the authorities, today many civil society actors and HRDs believe that their core mission is fundamentally compromised. This and the fact that civil society organisations struggle to survive as their space progressively shrinks, contribute to HRDs’ increasing physical and mental exhaustion, with the consequent repercussions on their ability to carry out their work.
“In spite of the resilience and courage shown by civil society actors and HRDs in Turkey, the enormous challenges described in this report are extremely burdensome and, in some cases, threaten the very existence of human rights groups and others,” declared Reyhan Yalçındağ, FIDH Vice President and IHD representative. “In this worrying context, international support and solidarity remain crucial to enable them to survive and thrive,” she added.
In light of these findings, our organisations formulate several recommendations to the government of Turkey and to international actors. These recommendations attempt to give voice to the legitimate concerns raised by civil society and HRDs in Turkey.
“International actors, especially the EU, cannot keep up business as usual with Turkey in light of the ongoing crackdown and ought to take the necessary actions and exert pressure – both through diplomacy and by providing adequate support to independent civil society – to rapidly address the deteriorating situation of civil society and HRDs in Turkey,” declared Gerald Staberock, OMCT Secretary General.
The report is the second in a series of two on shrinking civic space in Turkey, produced under the auspices of the EU-funded programme “Comprehensive Support to Human Rights Defenders in Turkey.” The programme, managed by a consortium of NGOs, led by FIDH and including OMCT Europe, aims to support and build capacity for civil society and HRDs in Turkey, including through documentation of the situation and the challenges they face. The first report, published in July 2020, focused on freedom of assembly.
Press contacts:
– Marc de Boni (English, French) +33 6 72 28 42 94 | mdeboni@fidh.org | @MarcdeBoni
– OMCT: Iolanda Jaquemet (English, French, Spanish), +41 (0)79 539 41 06 | ij@omct.org
– IHD: Hüseyin Küçükbalaban (Turkish) genel.sekreter@ihd.org.tr
The Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (the Observatory) was created in 1997 by FIDH and the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT). The objective of this programme is to intervene to prevent or remedy situations of repression against human rights defenders. FIDH and OMCT are both members of ProtectDefenders.eu, the European Union Human Rights Defenders Mechanism implemented by international civil society.
The Human Rights Association (IHD, İnsan Hakları Derneği) was founded on July 17, 1986, by 98 people, including lawyers, journalists, intellectuals, but mainly relatives of political prisoners. The sole objective of IHD is to carry out activities in defense of human rights and freedoms. In 1992, the statute was changed to cover humanitarian aspects as laid out in the Geneva Conventions. Since then, IHD has also criticized human rights violations of armed groups. IHD, together with its headquarters and 31 branches and representations, is Turkey’s biggest non-governmental human rights organisation and has been a member of FIDH since 1996, EuroMed Rights since 1997, and OMCT SOS-Torture Network since 2019. IHD is also a founding member of the Human Rights Joint Platform (IHOP) which was established in 2005.
Click to read the full report in English: OBS-İHD-TURKEY